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1） Short cut
Also known as short cutting, it refers to the cutting treatment of annual branches. After the branches are cut short, nutrients are relatively concentrated, which can stimulate the germination of lateral buds under the cutting edge, increase the number of branches, promote nutrient growth or flowering and fruiting. The degree of truncation has a significant impact on the resulting pruning effect.
1. Lightly cut off 1/5 to 1/4 of the total length of the branches, mainly used for pruning strong branches of ornamental trees. After the branches are cut short, of the fully filled buds are stimulated and germinate, forming a large number of medium short branches that are easy to differentiate into more flower buds.
2. The medium and short branches are cut from the full buds with a length of 1/3 to 1/2 of the branch, which concentrates nutrients and promotes the emergence of stronger nutrient branches under the cutting edge. They are mainly used for the cultivation of backbone and extended branches, as well as the rejuvenation of some weak branches.
3. Heavy and short cuttings are cut at the middle and lower parts of branches, with a total length of 2/3 to 3/4. They have a strong stimulating effect and can force hidden buds to sprout at the base. They are suitable for the rejuvenation and regeneration of weak trees, old trees, and old and weak branches.
4. Extremely heavy pruning only leaves 2-3 buds at the base of the spring shoot, and the rest is cut off. After pruning, 1-3 medium and short branches will sprout, mainly used for the treatment of competing branches.
（2） Retraction and drying
1. Retraction, also known as pruning, refers to the method of pruning perennial branches (groups of branches) by cutting them short. When the growth of trees weakens, some branches begin to droop, and there is baldness in the middle and lower parts of the tree crown, this method is often used for the rejuvenation of aging branches and the renewal of fruiting branches, promoting the vigorous growth of branches below the cutting edge or stimulating dormant buds to sprout elongated branches, achieving the goal of rejuvenation and rejuvenation. (Figure 10-3).
2. The pruning measures taken to retract the main trunk or thick main branches, backbone branches, etc. are called pruning, which can effectively regulate the contradiction between water absorption and transpiration balance of the tree body, improve the survival rate of transplantation, and are commonly seen during the transplantation of large trees. In addition, the effect of forcing dormant buds can be utilized to transform the crown structure of strong trees and renew and rejuvenate old trees.
（3） Sparse
Also known as pruning or pruning, it is a pruning method that involves cutting off branches from the base of a branch. Sparse pruning can reduce the number of branches inside the tree crown, make the distribution of branches more reasonable and uniform, improve ventilation and light transmission in the crown chamber, enhance the assimilation function of the tree body, reduce the occurrence of diseases and pests, and promote the nutritional growth or flowering and fruiting of branches inside the crown chamber. The main objects of pruning are weak branches, diseased and insect infested branches, dead branches, and various types of branches that affect the shape of trees, such as intersecting branches, interfering branches, and sprouting branches. Especially for upright and elongated branches that sprout inside the crown, with small buds, long internodes, thick, high moisture content, and insufficient tissue, it is advisable to prune them early to avoid affecting the tree shape; But if there is growth space, it can be transformed into branch groups for the renewal, transformation, and rejuvenation of tree crown structures.
Sparse pruning has a weakening effect on the total growth of the entire tree, but it can promote local growth of the tree. The stimulating effect of sparse pruning on the local area is different from that of short pruning. It enhances the branches below the same side pruning opening, while weakens the branches above the same side pruning opening. It should be noted that sparse branches form wounds on the mother branch, thereby affecting nutrient delivery. The more sparse branches are pruned and the closer the distance between the wounds is, the more obvious the weakening effect. The degree of weakening to the growth of the entire tree is related to the thinning intensity and the strength of the pruned branches. If the thinning intensity remains weak or there are too many pruned branches, it will have a significant weakening effect on the growth of the tree; Pruning perennial branches has a significant weakening effect on tree growth and is generally recommended to be done in stages.
The pruning intensity refers to the proportion of the pruned branches to the entire tree. Cutting off 10% of the branches in the entire tree is considered light pruning, reaching an intensity of 10-20% is called moderate pruning, and heavy pruning is considered pruning more than 20% of the branches. The thinning strength in practical application depends on specific conditions such as tree species, growth, and age. Generally, tree species with strong germination rate and weak branching ability, or those with weak germination and branching ability, should have fewer thinning branches, such as Pinus massoniana, Pinus tabulaeformis, and Cedar pine; Tree species with strong germination rate and branching ability can have more sparse branches; Young trees should be lightly sparse to promote rapid crown expansion; Adult trees entering the growth and flowering peak period should be moderately sparse to regulate the balance between nutritional growth and reproductive growth, and to prevent the occurrence of flowering and fruiting in different years; Trees in the aging period have weak branching ability, and in order to maintain sufficient branches to form the crown, they should be sparse as much as possible; Flowers and shrubs, light thinning can promote the formation of flower buds, which is beneficial for early flowering.
（4） Injury
The method of damaging the phloem or xylem of a branch to weaken its growth and ease its vigor is called injury. Damaged branches are ly carried out during the growing season, which has a significant impact on local areas and a relatively small impact on the growth of the entire tree. They are one of the auxiliary measures for shaping and pruning, and the main methods include:
1. Circular peeling (circular peeling) involves using a knife to peel off a certain width of bark at an appropriate part of a branch or base, in order to prevent the downward transport of photosynthetic nutrients from the branches for a period of time. This is beneficial for the accumulation of nutrients above the branches and the differentiation of flower buds. It is suitable for branches with vigorous nutrient growth but small flowering and fruiting amounts. The width of peeling should be determined based on the thickness of the branches and the callus ability of the tree species. Generally, the wound can be healed within one month after ring peeling, which is about 1/10 of the diameter of the branch (2-10mm). If the wound is too wide, it is difficult to heal, and if it is too narrow, it will heal too early to achieve the goal. The depth of girdling should reach the xylem. If it is too deep and damages the xylem, it will cause the girdling branches to break or die. If it is too shallow, the phloem will remain, and the girdling effect is not significant. Sufficient amount of branches and leaves should be left above the branches subjected to girdling for normal photosynthesis.
Ringing is a temporary pruning measure applied during the growing season, often carried out during the flower bud differentiation period, flower and fruit drop period, and fruit enlargement period. During winter pruning, the part above the ring pruning should be gradually removed. Ring stripping can also be used for trunk and main branches, but it must be carefully determined based on the growth status of the tree. It is generally used for strong and young trees with sparse flowers and fruits. Tree species that are prone to flow and glue are not suitable for girdling.
2. The method of using a knife to cut horizontally (or vertically) and deeply into the xylem on the upper (or lower) side of a branch is often combined with other pruning methods. The main methods include:
1) Eye injury is caused by carving above the branches and buds, with a wound shape resembling an eye. It damages the xylem to prevent water and mineral nutrients from continuing to be transported upwards, in order to sprout and grow strong branches in the ideal location; On the contrary, when cutting below the branch and bud, it can weaken the growth of the sprouted branch, but due to the accumulation of organic nutrients, it is beneficial for the formation of flower buds.
2) Vertical injury refers to a cut deep into the xylem on a branch with a knife, aimed at reducing the mechanical binding force of the bark and promoting the thicker growth of the branch. Vertical injury should be carried out before the start of tree growth in spring. When implementing, the hardened part of the bark should be selected, with one vertical injury for fine branches and several vertical injuries for coarse branches.
3) Horizontal injury refers to the method of cutting a tree trunk or thick main branch horizontally for several times. Its function is to block the downward flow of organic nutrients, promote the filling of the branches, and facilitate flower bud differentiation to achieve the goal of promoting flowering and fruiting. The mechanism of action is the same as ring stripping, but the strength is relatively low.
3. Breaking into twisted branches to form various artistic forms, often during the early spring budding period. First, use a knife to cut diagonally, reaching a depth of 1/2 to 2/3 of the diameter of the branch. Then, carefully bend the branch and use the inclined support of the wood fracture to locate it (Figure 10-4). To prevent excessive loss of moisture in the wound, the wound is often wrapped.
4. Twisted and folded branches are commonly used for semi lignified branches that grow excessively during the growth period, especially for elongated branches that grow on the back of the branch. Twisted and bent branches that do not break are called twisted branches (Figure 10-5), while those that break but do not break are called folded branches (Figure 10-6). Twisted and folded branches both partially damage the conductive tissue to hinder the transport of water and nutrients to the growth site, weaken the growth of branches, and facilitate the formation of short flowering branches.
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